Lively entertainment on the Deadwood screen
during the flapper era of the 1920'!
A couple of years back, the late Jerry Bryant sent us the above September 1924 advertisement for the Deadwood Theater, promoting a popular silent movie from that era entitled Flaming Young. While there's no certainty as to the location of the theater, it may well have been in the vicinity of the current armory.
The ad talks about "Youth - joy - jazz - neckers and petters" -- all of which we have some understanding -- but we're not sure about terms like "White Kisses and Red Kisses." Of course, there's little confusion over terms like "Flapperism on a Spree! Pleasure-Mad Daughters" and "Sensation-Craving Mothers." Wow....pretty wild promotion for a movie (but then, those were the rollicking 1920's!)
We confess that we don't recognize the names of the cast, but a cursory bit of searching on the web seems to confirm that they were fairly well-known celebrities in their day. Perhaps the biggest star of the group was an actress named Colleen Moore, a native of Michigan who found her way to Hollywood and an audition with the legendary director D.W. Griffith. After passing a test for "heterochromia," (she apparently had eyes of different colors) she landed her first credited film role in the film The Bad Boy. Moore's good looks and talent seems to have served her well, and she appeared in some 46 films, including several with cowboy hero Tom Mix. All but a few of her films were silent movies. After "talkies" arrived in 1929, Colleen Moore made only four films, and online sources indicate that none of them was particularly successful.
We were perhaps most intrigued by early actor and casting agent Ben Lyon.
 |
| A native of Atlanta, Lyon started in films in 1918 and by all accounts had a pretty good career. We think it's also worthy of note that he was considered an "heroic World War One aviator." Unlike Moore's career, the switch to talkies seemed to fit Lyon, who was cast with a wide variety of top female leads ranging from Gloria Swanson and Jean Harlow to Claudette Colbert and Barbara Stanwyck. Most interestingly, after his acting career waned in the 1940's, Lyon became a casting agent and many accounts credit his prowess for helping to launch the career of Norma Jean Dougherty, who would become.....(drum roll, please)....Marilyn Monroe. |
It's nice to know that many folks beyond Deadwood Historic Preservation are working to preserve and restore a bit of yesteryear, whether its historic buildings or classic movies.
Unfortunately, you won't find Flaming Youth in the video stores or on the tube -- not even on Turner Classic Movies. Of course, it may well have been not worth the effort. Or it may have been a classic. Either way, the film apparently deteriorated beyond restoration and will never again be seen.
~~~~~~~~~~~
Who was this hombre?
(posted 9/8/12)
Jerry Bryant of Deadwood shared this cabinet card produced by photographer George W. Scott, who apparently ran a photo studio in Deadwood from 1884 to 1892, but we both wondered just who this fellow was? If you have a clue, please drop us an e-mail and let us know. He appears to be very well armed -- perhaps a bit too much!
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
George Scott was the photographer. According to Kolbe and Bade (They Captured the Moment: Dakota Photographers 1853-1920) he ran a studio here in Deadwood from 1884 to 1892.Deadwood Public Schools 1876-1886
By
Jerry L. Bryant
A Brief Note
I am sure that something as important
as education has been to the residents of Deadwood through the course of our
history has been recorded and re-recorded. I am also sure that to some extent
it may have been “sanitized”, not so much through blatant lies as by simple
omission. On the other hand, this
brief temporal assemblage of events is the version of our educational history
that was familiar to every Deadwood resident who could read between 1876 and
1886. It was published as part of
the ongoing stream of news that hit Deadwoods streets in the Black Hills Pioneer and the Black Hills Times; a decade of ignored Deadwood
educational history.
J.L.B.
Dedicated to
the memory of Deadwood’s first public school teacher, Mrs. Minnie Callison, who
taught school in Deadwood from 1877 to 1878. Minnie now resides in an unmarked
grave in Deadwood’s Mt. Moriah. (Photograph by the author, original first issue
of the Black Hills Pioneer courtesy of the Deadwood Public Library, other
artifacts from the author’s personal collections)
Primary
Education
The sixth issue of Deadwood’s first
newspaper, the Black Hills Pioneer of
July 15, 1876, made a brief statement on the state of public education. In a
one-sentence note on the back page, just below the announcement that Calamity
Jane was now in Cheyenne; the editor stated that there seemed to be enough
“little ones” around the gulches to justify organizing a school.[i]
Prediction, request, or command, who can say; but two weeks later the concerned
citizens of Deadwood held a meeting to establish a school board and to set up
the boundaries of our first school district. William DeMoss was appointed
president and William Hollins secretary of the school board. A board of
directors was elected with Dr. McKinney as president; E.B. Farnum, Treasurer;
and William Hollins as secretary. The directors were then instructed to canvas
and solicit subscriptions to defray the cost of the school, select and hire a
competent teacher, while securing a suitable building for the school.[ii]
In the same issue, the Pioneer also printed an editorial
applauding the efforts of the people involved with electing a school board and
establishing guidelines and goals for the board. Citing the lack of an in-place
educational system as a culprit that robs the town of a much larger population
which is forced to keep their families elsewhere in order to provide good
educational opportunities.[iii]
The folks of Deadwood were becoming
serious about education, and in early September sent a representative back east
to procure examples of the day’s text books and send them back to Deadwood for
approval.[iv]
That is not to say that there were no problems, for there were many.
Subscriptions for $80.00 a month had been obtained, but nothing done with it.
With more than 60 children playing in the streets and no building identified to
be used as a school, the critics at the Pioneer
thought some membership changes in the board might solve many of the problems.
The editorial went on demanding that the children of Deadwood be properly
educated and prepared for the “great battle of life.” Without such education
the children “would be doomed to be mere machines of labor through blighted
lives, without hope of ameliorating their condition.”[v]
Apparently the editorial had its
effect on the elected movers and shakers for in two weeks a teacher was
produced, one Mr. E. Kermode; and Tom Miller (owner of the Bella Union) loaned
the school district a house on Third Street to serve as a school. One problem
with this was that it seems the teacher never taught. He was noted in the Pioneer on the 11th of
November and then again on the 18th as having occupied the school
and stated that he would begin teaching on the 20th. The 20th
came and went, but there was no celebration for the establishment of a school in
Deadwood.[vi]
Thus it came to pass that the private schools superseded the public schools in
the young town of Deadwood when Mrs. D.T. Smith ran an ad in the Pioneer that she was opening a Select
School in December of 1876. The same ad also announced she would be charging
$1.25 per week for each scholar attending. The Pioneer ran a short but flattering article stating that her
accomplishments were of a superior order and that she was sure to be successful
in her endeavor.[vii] It did, however,
fail to note the exact nature of her accomplishments or where she had performed
them.
But where did that leave Deadwood in
its quest for a public school? It left the fledgling mining camp looking for a
teacher. By early January a teacher had been found, she was the wife of a miner
who was at the time prospecting near Keystone. Her name was Minnie Callison.[viii]
She had the formal education for the job and the backing of Mayor E. B. Farnum,
Dr. Babcock and a number of other prominent businessmen in the camp.[ix]
She started her school immediately, and as the school year went on it was noted
in February by the Pioneer that she
had 27 students.[x] In addition
to her education and her abilities to teach the children of Deadwood, Mrs.
Callison had other attractions; she was of slight of build, and 5 feet 4 inches
tall, with black hair and black eyes she commanded attention in whatever room
she entered.[xi]
By May of 1878 eighty seven students attended the school; the board of
education hired a second teacher; Miss Ida Snyder.[xii]
Mrs. Callison made it
through the three months of her initial contract with flying colors; her
contract was renewed to the end of the year, and then renewed for the entire
year of 1878. But summer vacation seems to have gotten in the way. It was also
common knowledge that Minnie had several ardent male admirers in the camp, a
fact that was mostly overlooked because of her extreme value to the process of
turning Deadwood into a town as opposed to just another “here today gone
tomorrow” mining camp. But on the
morning of August 17, 1878, it became very difficult to overlook the camps
pretty young teacher, as she lay dead on her bed in a pool of blood. Her forehead appeared to have been the
recipient of at least 7-9 blows from a blunt instrument such as a hammer.[xiii]
When the coroner continued his examination of the scene he also noted that
Deadwood’s first school teacher slept with a small four barreled derringer.[xiv] Did she feel the need for a gun because
she thought she was in harm’s way, or was it just a response to the ambient
social environment in Deadwood? After Minnie Callison’s death and the
murder trial that followed, the primary school teachers only produced a
scattering of smaller scandals and limited themselves to much lesser sins; such
as the teacher who decided reading pocket novels (Deadwood Dick?) to the
students equaled a good lesson in American literature.[xv]
After shinning the light of contemporary pulp fiction on the children but a
scant few times the parents almost had an uprising. The idea of a real school
in a “blood and guts” mining camp had a tendency to make the rest of America
snicker, as is evident in an article from the New Orleans Times –Picayune: A strange female who landed in Deadwood the other
day to start a pretty girl-waiter saloon, was induced by liberal offers to
forego her intentions and become the principal of the First Ward School.[xvi]
An example of a Dakota Territory Teacher’s Certificate dated
29 November 1883.
A High School for Deadwood
With a few years of
mostly smooth teaching under its belt, Deadwood began to feel the need for a high
school. The wealthier families of the community, such as Judge Moody’s had been
sending their promising children to Yankton and even farther for their high school
needs.[xvii] These needs found expression in a short
excerpt of an editorial in the Black
Hills Daily Times of October 1880: “We desire to see such a school in
Deadwood – a school where young ladies and gentlemen may be fitted for the
higher institutions of learning.”[xviii] By the fall
of 1881 the high school became a reality, and with the end of December, 1881, a
new year and a new high school was turned over to the board of education.[xix] In January of 1882 the Deadwood School
Board held its first meeting of the New Year there. William Carey, president of the Deadwood Board of Education
invited all residents of Deadwood who were “concerned about the success of
Deadwoods schools, to meet with the School Board at the new High School.” [xx] Lawrence County announced that they now
had 45 school districts.[xxi] By
February of 1882, the High School discovered a need for music, so the
Superintendant of Schools, Mr. J. K. Davis, ran an ad in the Times asking for someone to rent an
organ to school. He promised that it would receive the best of care and in the
event that damage should occur, the school board would pay for it.[xxii]
Final touches were put on
the high school yard when Patrick Early flooded it, then graded and graveled
it.[xxiii]
They may not have had a gymnasium, but they did have a first rate play ground.[xxiv]
The editor of the Times indicated he
thought, ”The yard is one of the finest play
grounds in the Territory and the sight of it is enough to make him wish he was
a boy again.” All things considered, everyone with concerns for Deadwood’s
schools was pretty satisfied with the direction things were taking, but no one
was ready for what happened next.
In late February of 1883,
the joy of having a new school began to tremble when Whitewood Creek in South
Deadwood left its banks and began spreading toward the new high school.[xxv]
But this was just the harbinger of dire times to come in the near future. The
winter of 1882-3 was extra harsh with very little thawing. The snow load in
places was more than 10 feet thick. No one really seemed alarmed until the
melt. On the morning of 17 May it was noted that Whitewood Creek had risen over
its banks and was spreading across the lower levels of the gulch. The alarm was
spread by telephone from Ten Mile Ranch. This ignited the fears of many, who
started moving their belongings, animals, and school books to higher ground;
but the new high school, that took $12,000 to build; “the pride of the city”
with its furniture, maps and charts, disappeared in the deluge.[xxvi]
Most folks thought that by morning the worst of it would have passed, but the
18th came and went with the flood in full fury carrying of hundreds
of homes, barns, businesses, saloons, and churches.[xxvii]
(Note by the author: the corner stone of that school is on display at the Mt
Mariah gift shop. It should be noticed that the stone had a pocket in its
center to serve as a “time capsule,” the contents of which vanished downstream
on that fateful day.) By the 18th of May, with many of the telephone
poles and wires sullied by the flood, communications between Deadwood and South
Deadwood had been reduced to a rope and basket strung across the torrent.[xxviii]
Could this be the 1882 High School? It is setting on the
Whitewood flood plain, right in front of where the Slime Plant would one day be
constructed. (Courtesy of the Adams Museum and House Photo Collection)
Looking
across Mount Moriah, the reincarnation of the new High School sits well above
the flood plain.
(Courtesy of the Deadwood Public Library’s Centennial Collection)
Reconstruction
When
the mud and the bodies settled, it was not long before whiskey was being sold
across a bar suspended by two barrels. Boards were being cut, bricks being
fired, and Deadwood did what it has always done best in the face of disaster;
regenerate a new, more vibrant city and a sustaining economy. Land was found for
the new school in July and a contract to build the new school was awarded to
Kid and Benn.[xxix] In August of 1883 surveyors put stakes
in the ground to identify the boundaries of the property.[xxx]
That same month the mason’s finished up the foundation for the new school.[xxxi]
S.F. Jacoby cut the caps, sills, and watersheds for the new school,[xxxii]
and 150,000 bricks were fired for the building.[xxxiii]
The
first ward school bell
was moved to the high school and placed in position on November 28, 1883, and
it’s clear notes rang out for the first time from its final post of duty. It was a bell of very fine tone and proved
satisfactory to those in charge.[xxxiv] The
official opinion of the Black Hills Daily
Times was “The first ward school bell replaced the demoralized noise
producer at the (new) high school building,” of course it took them several
weeks to notice. [xxxv] The “new”
school bell in the tower of new high school building was also to be used by Methodist Church to announce
beginning of services.[xxxvi] January
6, 1884 the school board accepted the new school and even went so far as to
hire a permanent janitor, Mr. Ayers, who was to receive $
30.00 a month for his services.[xxxvii] The new
school was an exact duplicate of the school that was washed away in the flood
except it was southeast facing on Main Street and the foundation was 25 feet
above the street level.[xxxviii] In
other words, if the new school was taken out by a flood the entire town would
be gone too. (Author’s note; In the flood of 1883, the new high school and the
Methodist Church were next to each other near the present day location of the
Slime Plant. After the flood, the school was rebuilt on the northern slope of
the gulch facing Main Street. The Methodist Church was built a few hundred feet
northeast of the high school on Williams Street.)
In March of 1884 the school board resolved that Professor L.L.
Conant would be given complete and total control of the Deadwood School System.[xxxix]
Then on July 8, 1884, the city decided that the new, new high school
was not large enough, and a contract for a new high school addition was awarded
to Damon, Barker and Evans.[xl] On the
third of August, 1884, the brick work was completed on the new high school addition.[xli]
In July of 1885 the school board made a decision that polarized
the residents of Deadwood against them, by firing the School Superintendant,
Professor Conant, without stating a reason.[xlii]
Conant had the trust of the public and had endeared himself to the upper crust
of Deadwood society. On the day following that decision the Times published a statement the essence
of which basically said that all of the taxpayers and parents of Deadwood thought
the school board’s decision to dismiss Professor Conant and replace him with a
complete stranger, who had no experience with the Deadwood school system, was
ill advised. The editorial ended with a statement that it was the citizens who
paid for the maintenance of the schools and their wishes were entitled to
respectful consideration.[xliii]
On the 9th of July, 48 of Deadwood’s leading citizens
published their names attached to a petition for a public meeting concerning
the dismissal of Professor Conant.[xliv] The
following day, the meeting was held at the court house, it was chaired by Judge
Bennett and attended by about fifty of the local citizens. A secretary was
appointed and a committee was assigned to draw up a document stating why it was
wrong for the school board to have fired Professor Conant, and why he should be
immediately rehired. The committee was composed of Messrs. Raymond, Lincoln,
Van Cise, Kingsley and Babcock. They went to task and produced a document
complete with a preamble and four resolutions. The document was read aloud and
met the approval of group. Then Judge Kingsley took the floor and gave an
impassioned speech as to why the resolutions should be adopted.
When Kingsley had finished, the floor was turned over to Judge
McLaughlin. McLaughlin called for some light and then began to unwrap a large bulky
package which contained the laws governing the school board and a number of
testimonies attesting to good character and abilities of Mr. Free, the person
hired to replace Professor Conant. McLaughlin then went on to inform the
assembly that a legal and binding contract had already been entered into
between the Board of Education and Mr. Free and it could not be legally broken
without Mr. Free’s sanction. McLaughlin then proceeded to outline the reason
for Professor Conant’s dismissal, which included a pronounced lack of
organizational skills. He concluded his elucidation by saying that even if Mr.
Free chose not to accept the position, the board would not consider the
application of Professor Conant.
A number of speakers followed Judge McLaughlin, all of whom
supported Professor Conant but, be that as it may, in the end a vote was taken,
the result of which was a rejection of the resolutions in support of the
retention of Professor Conant by 21 to 30.[xlv]
The Deadwood education system had now come full circle. It had survived fire,
flood and social unrest and was finally ready to present a finished product;
it’s first high school graduation class.
Original
photograph from the author’s private collection.
The Accomplished Six
The first Deadwood High School
graduation occurred June 28, 1886 and consisted entirely of young ladies, six
to be exact: Miss Annette Forest, Miss Belle Chase, Miss Estelline Bennett,
Miss Irene Cushman, Miss Mamie Philips and Miss Minnie Craig. During that
school year the class attendance was 92.3%, their punctuality was 98.3%, and
the percentage of progress was 93.3.
The ceremonies were conducted in the Opera House where lighting was
provided by two electric lamps suspended from the ceiling of the auditorium.
The graduating class was seated beneath a suspended evergreen colored sign
which read:
“Not Who, but What”
“1886”
The South Deadwood Hose company presented each of
the girls a bouquets or basket of flowers. Immediately behind the graduates sat
the School Board, Mayor Sol Star, Judges and other local dignitaries.
The
evening began with an overture by the Deadwood Band followed by a prayer
delivered by Mr. John Fairbank (GAR). A quartet sang “Come Where the Lilies Bloom,”
then each member of the graduating class gave an oration on their particular
subject. The editor of the Times
complained bitterly about the Opera House’s poor acoustics, stating that it was
reason he did not have a better report of the orations. He did say that he
thought the deliveries were excellent though. In the very middle of the six
oratories, Miss Lulu Kingsley played Liszt’s “Miserere du Travatore” on the
piano. For her playing she received loud applause and a “perfect avalanche of
flowers.” Mr. D.A. McPherson delivered the closing remarks from the School
Board and the President of the School Board gave out awards to the graduates.
The
Times Editor praised Professor Free
and all the all the teachers under his direction for the quality of work in producing such a
promising group of graduates and noted that the next year’s graduates would
include some boys, but they would have to work and study very hard to match the
Class of 86.[xlvi]
In
September of 1886 two of the young ladies mentioned in the graduation
ceremonies of 1886 boarded a stage bound east to further their education. One
was a graduate, Miss Estelline Bennett; and one a performer at the graduation,
Miss Lulu Kingsley. Both were headed to Almira, New York, to study at the
Almira College for a year.[xlvii] Both
girls returned to Deadwood in June of 1887 for the summer. The Times reported that both of them were in
excellent health and delighted to be home.[xlviii]
In
May of 1887, another of the “Accomplished Six,” Irene Cushman opened a kindergarten
in Deadwood.[xlix]
But in the fall, Miss Cushman traveled to Boston to continue her education,
while Misses Kingsley and Bennett returned to the Almira College in New York.
Miss Kingsley would then go on to the Boston Conservatory for Music to study
piano and voice and eventually move to Denver with her parents; Miss Bennett
would return to the Hills and eventually write the classic Deadwood History, Old Deadwood Days.[l]
In October of 1891 Irene Cushman married Albert Wilson. The wedding guest list read like the upper crust of
“who’s who” in Deadwood, South Dakota.[li]
Mamie
Phillips taught school for a while in Nevada in 1889. During the summers she
traveled accompanied by her mother, but by 1897 Miss Phillips was back teaching
in Deadwood. After the turn of the century she then taught in Hot Springs, SD.[lii]
Minnie
Craig married George Felix Ingram on Christmas the year following her
graduation.[liii]
She and George raised a family in Helena Montana.[liv]
Following
her graduation, Annette Forest married Joseph Gandolfo in 1888. They remained
in Deadwood until at least 1910, where they raised two boys; Forest and Melvin.[lv]
No
camp, no village, city or metropolis could have asked for a better product than
the first graduation class of Deadwood High.
[i] . Black
Hills Pioneer 15 July 1876 Pg. 4 Col. 1
[ii] . Black
Hills Pioneer 29 July 1876 Pg. 4 Col.
1
[iii] . ibid.
[iv] . Black
Hills Pioneer 9 Sept. 1876 Pg. 4 Col. 1
[v] . Black
Hills Pioneer 28 Oct. 1876 Pg. 4 Col. 3
[vi] . Black
Hills Pioneer 11 Nov. 1876 Pg. 4 Col.5
Black Hills Pioneer 18 Nov. 1876 Pg. 4 Col. 4
[vii] . Black
Hills Pioneer 9 Dec. 1876 Pg. 4 Col. 1
[viii]. Black Hills Daily
Pioneer Jan 06 1877, p.4 , col.3
[x]. Black Hills Daily Pioneer Feb 17 1877, p.4 , col.2
[xi]. Lawrence County Deaths, micro film at
Deadwood Library.
Black Hills Daily Times May 07 1878, p.1 , col.3
[xiii]. ibid
[xiv]. Court
transcript
BH Daily Times 16 January 1880 p4c4
[xvi].
Times-Picayune June 23, 1880
[xvii]. Black Hills
Daily Times Jun 30 1882, p.3 , col.4
[xix]. Black Hills
Daily Times Dec 27 1881,
p.4 , col.5
[xxi]. Black Hills
Daily Times Apr 08 1882, p.4 ,
col.2
[xxii]. BH Daily
Times 24 Feb 1882 page 1col. 5
[xxiii]. Black Hills
Daily Times 2 Feb 1882, p.3 ,
col.2
[xxiv]. Black Hills
Daily Times May 28 1882, p.3 ,
col.2
[xxv]. Black Hills
Daily Times Feb 15 1883, p.3 ,
col.3
[xxvi]. Black Hills
Daily Times 19 May 1883 page 4 col 3
[xxvii]. Both
the Times and the Pioneer covered the flood on 18-22 May, 1883 as did:
Richmond Daily Dispatch 22 May 1883 P4 C3
Newark Daily Advocate 21 May 1883
Sacramento Daily Union 21 May 1883 P2 C3
Sioux County Herald May 1883
The Salt Lake Herald 22 May 1883 P1 C6
New York
Herald 22 May 1883
Atlanta Constitution 22 May 1883
Boston Daily Globe 22 May 1883
Evening Observer 22 May 1883 Dunkirk NY
[xxviii]. Omaha
Daily Bee 21 May 1883 P5 C2
[xxix]. Black Hills
Daily Times Aug 22 1883, p.3 ,
col.2
[xxx]. Black Hills
Daily Times Jun 08 1883, p.3 ,
col.2
Black Hills Daily Times Jul 17 1883, p.3 , col.1
[xxxi]. Black Hills
Daily Times 10 August 1883, p.3
, col.2
[xxxii]. Black Hills
Daily Times 4 August 1883, p.3 ,
col.1
[xxxiii]. Black Hills
Daily Times Aug 22 1883, p.3 ,
col.2
[xxxiv]. Black Hills
Daily Times November 29, 1883, p. 3, col. 2.
[xxxv]. Black Hills
Daily Times December 16, 1883 p. 4 col. 1
[xxxvi]. Black Hills
Daily Times January 26, 1884, p. 3, col. 1.
[xl]. Black Hills Daily Times July
8, 1884, p.3, col.2.
[xli]. Black Hills
Daily Times, August 3, 1884, p.3, col. 1.
[xlii].Black Hills Daily Times,
July 7, 1885, p. 1, col. 2.
[xliii]. Black
Hills Daily Times, July 8, 1885, p. 4, col. 1.
[xliv]. Black
Hills Daily Times, July 8, 1885, p. 3, col. 3.
[xlv]. Black
Hills Daily Times, July 11, 1885, p. 4, col. 1.
[xlvi]. Black
Hills Daily Times May 7, 1886, p.3, col. 1.
Black Hills Daily Times June 25, 1886, p.2, col. 4.
Black Hills Daily Times June 25, 1886, p.1, col. 3.
Black Hills Daily Times June 29, 1886, p.2, col. 3.
[xlvii]. Black Hills Daily Times September 8,
1886, p.3, col. 3.
The two young ladies appear to have been very close
friends, and both of them had Court Judges for fathers. jlb
[xlviii]. Black Hills Daily Times, June 17, 1887, p.4, col.5
Black
Hills Daily Times, June 18, 1887, p.4, col.5
[xlix]. Black Hills Daily Times, March 15, 1887, p.3, col.1.
[l]. Black Hills Daily Times, September 10, 1887, p.1, col.5
Black Hills Daily Times, August 2, 1891, p.2, col.4
[li].
Black Hills Daily
Times, October 9, 1891, p.2, col.3
[lii]. Black Hills Daily Times, 13
December 9, 1889, p.1, col.5
Black
Hills Daily Times, 5 September, 1891, p.2, col.3
Black
Hills Daily Times, 9 February, 1897, p.2, col.3
Omaha
World Herald, 5 February, 1903, P.2, col.1
[liii]. Black Hills Daily Times, 28 December, 1887, p.4, col.5.
[liv]. U.S.
Census 1910, Helena, Lewis and Clark, Montana.
[lv]. U.S.
Census 1900, Deadwood, Lawrence, South Dakota
U.S. Census 1910, Deadwood, Lawrence, South Dakota
